in Martinique on 25 June 1913, published the book-length poem Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (Notes on a Return To A Native Land) in 1939 as a reaction to French assimilatory cultural tendencies which tended to negate the very existence of Africans. Placed on an evolutionary scale, the African could rise from a primitive, unlettered state to become an évolué (evolved person), i.e. a Frenchman.
from Sunday Nation: Aimé Fernand Césaire: Tribute to a literary monument
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